Author: marina02

20,000 Leagues (or 15 years) under the water: a successful journey of the European College of Aquatic Animal Health (ECAAH) towards recognition of the veterinary specialty

Veterinarians have traditionally and historically been focused on domestic and farmed terrestrial mammals and birds, while other vertebrates such as reptiles, amphibians or fish were only anecdotally considered during XIX and the first part of XX century, mainly as patients from zoos or private collections. Veterinary care for reptiles and amphibians did not arouse special interests until mid-XX century, as their popularity as pets or ornamental animals started to increase after 1950s, and the development of industrial aquaculture became significant in the 1980s. Therefore, more focused veterinary profession involvement in aquatic animal medicine started just a few decades ago as a rather “recent” discipline when compared with traditional veterinary medicine specialties. This changed when the beginning of 21^st century witnessed massive expansion of food and ornamental fish aquaculture, as well as aspects of fisheries and aquatic ecosystem management with environmental protection and one health approaches. Such developments increased demand for veterinarians with specialized knowledge to support health of aquatic animals.

In the latter part of the XX century, most of the veterinary professionals acquired knowledge, skills and experiences on aquatic medicine during unstructured, on-the-job practical efforts, and scarcely available scientific and technical background. With the growing interest among veterinarians to learn more about the aquatic animal health and medicine, related concepts and studies started sprouting in the didactic and training activities at the veterinary schools in the EU and globally in late XX and early XXI century.

The ECAAH was born fifteen years ago (2010) as a short proposal from a group of enthusiastic fish veterinarians from practice and academia. Primary intention was to enable the access of future veterinarians to specialization and training in fish and other aquatic animal health, by offering structured education standards under umbrella of the European Board of Veterinary Specialisation (EBVS). The EBVS represents the main organization in the field of veterinarian specialization in Europe, and the originator group considered it as the most suitable path toward aquatic veterinary specialist recognition. After first provisional recognition in 2013, the ECAAH advanced both in numbers and knowledge, to receive its full recognition during recent (April 2025) meeting of the EBVS.

Now, we can proudly say that while we are formally part of the large family of specialists, we continue to be a small family of colleagues, working hard for the future of our past and present residents as well as for the future of aquatic animal health.

1. Padrós, Francesc, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Presenter
2. Marino, Fabio, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Author
3. Mandrioli, Luciana, Universita di Bologna, Author
4. Dušan, Palić, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Author
5. Constenla, Maria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Author

The Norwegian Fish Health Report

The main species in Norwegian aquaculture is Atlantic salmon, with approximately 400 million smolt transferred to sea every year. The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI) is the national reference laboratory for fish diseases and has published the Norwegian Fish Health Report annually since 2003. The report focuses on health and welfare of farmed fish and is published on https://www.vetinst.no/rapporter-og-publikasjoner/rapporter.

The basis for the report is analyses performed by NVI. Since 2020, the institute has gained access to site-level data for several non-notifiable diseases diagnosed at private laboratories via agreements with the largest and medium-sized aquaculture companies. With these data, the prevalence and geographical distribution of important diseases, such as winter ulcer, cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS), and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) are reported in a representative way.

Several types of data are reported to the authorities, such as the number of fish in hatcheries and at sea sites, mortalities, vaccine doses sold, antibiotic use, delousing treatments, welfare incidents and slaughter quality. These data are used in various analyses, including calculations of mortality for each production area and nationwide. Categorization of causes of deaths, determined by personnel working at sea sites participating in the industry initiative AquaCloud, gives insight into the proportion of fish dying from infections, injuries and other conditions. A survey sent to fish health personnel, as well as inspectors and advisors in the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, adds valuable information on the health and welfare challenges considered most important for reduced growth, poor welfare, mortality and increased disease incidence in different species and production phases.

Data sharing and transparency regarding the health and welfare of farmed fish are important for stakeholders, including authorities, researchers and the aquaculture industry itself, for knowledge-based policy development as well as for decision-making at the company and site levels.

1. Moldal, Torfinn, NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE, Presenter
2. Wiik-Nielsen, Jannicke, NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE, Author
3. de Oliveira, Victor Henrique Silva d, NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE, Author
4. Svendsen, Julie Christine, NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE, Author
5. Sommerset, Ingunn, NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE, Author

Tracking Parasite Diversity in a Polluted Freshwater Ecosystem

Introduction:

Freshwater ecosystems face a rapid decline in biodiversity, driven by pollution, invasive species, and other human activities. Myxozoan and microsporidian parasites are highly diverse and widespread in aquatic hosts, yet their biodiversity remains largely underestimated. The Živný stream in Czechia (South Bohemia region), influenced by effluent from the Prachatice sewage treatment plant, provides a model for studying the impact of pollution on parasite communities. Using environmental DNA and amplicon sequencing offers a non-invasive approach to monitoring temporal dynamics in parasite diversity and possible links to anthropogenic influence. We assessed myxozoan and microsporidian diversity along the Živný stream using eDNA to compare parasite communities between urban-affected and unaffected areas and track seasonal variation (March, June, September).

Sampling and methods:

Samples were collected from 10 sites along the Živný stream in 2024 (March, June, and September). Sediment and water samples were collected at all localities; benthic invertebrates (Gammarus spp., Trichoptera) were collected in June and September. All environmental samples were collected to study myxozoan and microsporidian diversity, and invertebrate samples for microsporidians. Environmental DNA was extracted and used for PCR amplification of SSU rDNA of Myxozoa and Microsporidia with barcoded primers. Sequencing was performed using Illumina NovaSeq (250 bp paired-end). Raw reads were processed through a bioinformatic pipeline including paired-end merging, quality filtering, demultiplexing, chimera removal, OTU clustering, and taxonomic assignment. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using MrBayes, RAxML, and statistical evaluation in RStudio.

Results and conclusions:

Overall, we detected high parasite diversity including many previously uncharacterized OTUs. Significant differences between sediment and water samples were observed. Microsporidians showed greater overall diversity, particularly in water samples. Most OTUs were observed in March, suggesting a seasonal pattern, while in June, richness was lower. Sediment samples consistently yielded fewer microsporidian OTUs than water, with minimal variation between sampling seasons. Myxozoans were detected only in water, with most OTUs found in March. Although these initial results indicate temporal dynamics in parasite occurrence, no consistent spatial variation in community composition was observed. Diversity appeared relatively uniform across stream sites, with no apparent change in parasite abundance or diversity upstream and downstream of the sewage treatment plant. Our study demonstrates that eDNA metabarcoding is a valuable tool for exploring temporal changes in parasite communities, while spatial differences, such as those related to pollution, may require more targeted or long-term sampling to be detected.

This project is supported by GAJU (117/2024/P).

1. Bürgerová, Monika, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia, Presenter
2. Lisnerová, Martina, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czechia, Author
3. Fiala, Ivan, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czechia, Author

Strengthening the Aquaculture Veterinary Workforce by Identifying Core Competencies Needed and Providing Targeted Training Workshops

Introduction

This presentation will present the efforts on strengthening the aquaculture veterinary workforce in the North Central U.S. with a focus on identifying core competencies for aquaculture veterinary practice. We hope to share our findings and learn from others world-wide who have pursued similar efforts. Some veterinarians want to provide veterinary services to fish farmers, fish farmers desire veterinary services, but aquaculture veterinary medicine is not a significant component of the veterinary curriculum in most colleges in the U.S. Identifying core competencies and providing targeted aquaculture veterinary medicine training can provide essential skills and confidence to veterinary practitioners which allows them to deliver aquaculture veterinary services that can improve biosecurity and enhance response to fish disease events.

Methodology

We conducted a survey of fish farmers’ needs for veterinary services (2023), conducted focus group sessions with experienced and aspiring veterinarians to capture core competencies needed by aquaculture veterinarians (2024), conducted targeted handson aquaculture veterinary workshops (2025), and established a regional aquaculture veterinary infrastructure to support aspiring veterinarians through consultations with experienced veterinarians and fish health professionals (2023).

Results

Among 24 interviewed fish farmers, regulatory fish health inspections were the most common fish health activity, with 67% of farmers reporting the need to perform inspections annually. Only 46% of farmers reported having an existing relationship with a fish veterinarian. Only 29% of farms reported the use of written biosecurity plans, 13% vaccinating fish, and 4% use antibiotics. We compiled extensive comments and recommendations by fish veterinary experts in the focus group sessions on the core competencies needed for aquaculture veterinary practice (details will be presented).

Conclusions

Fish farmers would like veterinarians to provide additional services beyond issuing fish health certificates, such as disease investigations, and fish health production medicine recommendations. There is a strong demand for specialized fish farm veterinary training in these areas.

The more fish farmers that use well-trained veterinarians, the more likely they are to improve fish welfare, production, and profitability. Our team’s findings suggest that fish farmers who work with fish farm veterinarians are more likely to use diagnostic laboratories, and along with the clinical observations of their veterinarians, have a greater ability to monitor and determine the causes of their fish disease losses, detect potential aquatic animal diseases, and achieve early detection of emergent diseases including fish Foreign Animal Diseases. We would like to collaborate with colleagues world-wide to advance aquaculture veterinary medicine education.

1. KEBUS, MYRON, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, Presenter
2. LOCH, THOMAS, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, Author

Aquaculture in global efforts to mitigate antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) demands collective action to reduce and mitigate its threats. The Quadripartite collaboration of the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) has led development and implementation of National Action Plans (NAPs) that describe approaches each country will take to tackle AMR. All antimicrobial users and sectors should be included, and the Quadripartite encourages a One Health approach. Almost 6% of global antibiotic usage is applied in aquaculture, making the sector a key focus for AMR mitigation efforts. This present study aimed to determine the coverage of aquaculture in NAPs and in other global efforts to combat AMR.

Methodology: NAPs deposited in the WHO Library of National Action Plans were analysed to determine coverage of aquaculture. Peer-reviewed literature, documents published by the Quadripartite and similar organisations, and publicly-available datasets provided a complementary approach to assess aquaculture coverage.

Results: Aquaculture has received mixed coverage in NAPs. Not every top 25 aquaculture-producing country has a NAP, whilst those that do often devote less attention to aquaculture compared to terrestrial farming, despite the risks posed to the aquatic environment. AMR mitigation activities in many countries fail to include aquaculture compared to terrestrial farming, for example fewer countries regulate antimicrobial sales in aquatic animals than terrestrial counterparts. Finally, several NAP-preparation materials published by key organisations sometimes lack specific guidance for aquaculture.

Conclusion: Aquaculture plays a role in the global AMR challenge. Effective mitigation of AMR requires the inclusion of aquatic farming in activities aiming to address the challenge. However, there is evidence that aquaculture may be being relatively overlooked in NAPs and other mitigation activities. This may be due to the heterogeneity of aquatic farming in terms of systems and species, with rapid sector growth presenting challenges for stakeholders such as regulators and NAP creators to remain atop of changing practices. The watery nature of aquaculture interconnects it with other One Health compartments and it is essential that aquaculture is integrated effectively into next-generation NAPs. Better NAPs are crucial to addressing AMR and this coordinated global approach provides our best opportunity for success.

1. DESBOIS, ANDREW, INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING, Presenter
2. Green, Darren M., INSTITUTE OF AQUACULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING, Author

PKD Beyond Trout: Investigating Minnows as Potential Alternative Intermediate Hosts for Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae

Introduction

Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) is caused by the myxozoan endoparasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, predominantly leading to high mortality rates in young brown trout (Salmo trutta). Infection occurs when spores excreted from the primary host, freshwater bryozoans, enter the fish via the gills and migrate to the target organ, the kidney. In infected fish, the parasites cause a massive granulomatous inflammatory response. The exceptionally high mortality rate among infected salmonids is unusual for a well-adapted parasite cycle, as fish malacospores are only excreted via urine. Our hypothesis was that other fish species may also be involved in the parasite’s transmission cycle. We performed an infection trial using minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) as a model.

Methodology

An infection trial under laboratory conditions was conducted for a 15-week period. A total of 128 minnows were divided into three replicates and infected with T. bryosalmonae spores derived from wild bryozoans collected in four Swiss rivers. A minnow negative control group and a brown trout positive control group, each consisting of 30 individuals, were included. Transmission and infection success were monitored through kidney sampling (at four sampling points during the experiment), followed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis, and histological examination. During the trial, environmental DNA (eDNA) was collected from aquarium water via weekly or biweekly filtration, with subsequent T.bryosalmonae-specific qPCR and conventional PCR with sequencing.

Results and Conclusion

The experiment demonstrated that minnows can be infected with T. bryosalmonae spores, as confirmed by detecting parasite DNA in the kidney tissue. No pathological changes characteristic for PKD were observed in macroscopy or renal histology over the 15-week study period, suggesting that infection does not lead to disease development in this species. The eDNA analysis intermittently detected T. bryosalmonae DNA in aquarium water between 3 and 13 weeks post exposure (wpe) across all three exposed replicates, indicating that infected minnows excrete parasite spores into the environment. Although the overall level of excretion was low, an excretion peak occurred at seven wpe, during which all replicates tested positive. These findings support the possibility that minnows may contribute to the parasite’s transmission cycle; however, further research is needed to determine whether the detected DNA represents viable, infective spores capable of continuing the life cycle.

1. Möckli, Céline, FIWI Vetsuisse, Presenter
2. Diserens, Nicolas, FIWI Vetsuisse, Author
3. Schmidt-Posthaus, Heike, FIWI Vetsuisse, Author

Tracking trouble: sources, persistence, and risk factors of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia spp in freshwater fish farms of north-west france

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a growing threat to human health, environmental integrity and animal populations. Its impact on aquaculture may be particularly alarming, given the essential role this sector plays in global food security through sustainable protein production. As it depends on surface water, fish farming is particularly exposed to microbial contamination from wastewater effluents and agricultural runoff, despite regulations. Climate events further complicate this issue, altering pollutant dynamics and amplifying the risk of AMR spread. In aquaculture environments, resistant bacteria can be introduced through multiple pathways, including contaminated water and interactions between fecal and aquatic microbial communities.

This study explores how antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia spp. could be introduced and persist in freshwater fish farms located in France. We sampled both external sources (water and feed) and potential reservoirs inside farm environment (sediment and biofilm). Particular focus was on E. coli and E. marmotae, indicators of fecal livestock, poultry, and human contamination, and recognized as AMR sentinels

This observational longitudinal study was carried out in four fish farms: two flow-through systems (Farm C & D) and two recirculating aquaculture systems (Farm A & B). For each system type, one farm was located downstream from a wastewater treatment plant (Farm B & D), offering a high-risk scenario for AMR exposure. Samples were collected seasonally, following an established protocol (Novais et al., 2018).In total, 452 samples were obtained. Escherichia isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and all confirmed isolates (243) were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution against a panel of 15 antibiotics. Complementary surveys gathered data on farm management practices, biosecurity, local antibiotic use, and surrounding land use.

Escherichia spp. were most frequently detected in water (83.4%) and biofilms (84.7%), while their presence was lower in sediment (25%) and minimal in feed (3.3%). Epidemiological resistance was detected against several antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin (n = 16), cefotaxime (n = 13), meropenem (n = 2), and amikacin (n = 1), with several strains showing multidrug resistance. In one farm (Farm D), we observed a recurring resistance pattern across two consecutive sampling periods (T3 ; 2 strains – T4 ; 11 strains), suggesting the persistence or local spread of specific resistant clones.

Statistical analysis is ongoing to assess the impact of different factors on AMR occurrence. These findings highlight aquaculture environments—particularly water and biofilms—as important AMR reservoirs and reinforce the value of integrated surveillance strategies within a One Health framework.

1. OCHOA, SARAH, Oniris, INRAE, BIOEPAR, Nantes, Presenter
2. DAVID, Celine, Oniris, INRAE, BIOEPAR, Nantes, Author
3. BACHELET, Florine, Oniris, INRAE, BIOEPAR, Nantes, Author
4. PINEAU, Lionel, Oniris, INRAE, BIOEPAR, Nantes, Author
5. PEREZ-SANCHEZ, Marta, VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre and Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary. Universidad Complutense Madrid, Author
6. BEN YAHIA, Houssem, Oniris, INRAE, BIOEPAR, Nantes, Author
7. CALVEZ, Ségolène, Oniris, INRAE, BIOEPAR, Nantes, Author
8. NAVARRO-GONZALEZ, Nora, Oniris, INRAE, BIOEPAR, Nantes, Author
9. KEHRENBERG, CORINNA, Oniris, INRAE, BIOEPAR, Nantes, Author

Unveiling the Life Cycle of P. pseudobranchicola: Insights from the ParviLife Project

Parvicapsulosis, caused by the myxozoan parasite Parvicapsula pseudobranchicola, is a persistent and economically significant disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Characterized by infection of the pseudobranchs, the disease can lead to clinical signs such as surface dwelling, erratic swimming, lethargy, and potential blindness. Since its initial identification in Norwegian aquaculture by Karlsbakk et al. in 2002, and its emergence in Iceland in 2019, P. pseudobranchicola has posed a recurring threat to salmon health and aquaculture sustainability.

At the heart of ongoing efforts to combat this disease is the ParviLife project, a comprehensive three-year research initiative launched in 2024 with funding from the Norwegian Seafood Research Fund (FHF). ParviLife aims to deepen our understanding of P. pseudobranchicola epidemiology and to develop targeted mitigation strategies. Building on prior work in Iceland and Norway, the project focuses on refining diagnostic methods, identifying environmental and host-related risk factors, and exploring viable control measures to reduce parasite transmission in aquaculture systems.

As part of the ParviLife initiative, this study investigated the prevalence and distribution of Parvicapsula pseudobranchicola in polychaete hosts in the East Fjords of Iceland. Utilizing PCR, histology, and in situ hybridization, the findings revealed a high density of the definitive host, with spatial patterns strongly influenced by proximity to aquaculture sites. Notably, the prevalence of parasite infection within the host was variable across locations, suggesting environmental or site-specific factors influencing transmission dynamics.

The findings from this study provide a crucial foundation for the ParviLife project and reinforce the need for continued, coordinated research to ensure sustainable health management of farmed salmon populations.

1. ERLINGSDÓTTIR, ÁSTHILDUR, INST. FOR EXP. PATHOLOGY UI AT KELDUR, Presenter
2. Karlsbakk, Egil, University of Bergen, Author
3. Hansen, Haakon, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Author
4. Kristmundsson, Árni, Inst. for Exp. Pathology UI at Keldur, Author

Implementation of antimicrobial resistance surveillance in farmed aquatic animals: The UK example.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a globally significant public health issue, driven by the use of antimicrobial agents in human and animal health, and food production. The contribution of fish farming to the spread of AMR is poorly documented, highlighting an urgent need to generate evidence at national level. The World Organisation for Animal Health recommends that countries implement AMR surveillance and monitoring programmes in aquaculture. While both passive and active AMR surveillance systems exist in the United Kingdom (UK) for terrestrial livestock, similar systems are lacking for the aquaculture sector. This project aimed to address this gap by piloting two surveillance projects one for farmed trout intended for food consumption, and another for imported ornamental fish. The presentation will also outline efforts to develop an active surveillance system for farmed trout at slaughter.

Material and Methods: The pilot projects identified indicator bacterial species, assessed agar plates, tested non-lethal sampling and considered logistical requirements for implementation. Samples were analysed for phenotypic resistance using minimum inhibitory concentration and disc diffusion methods, following CLSI VET03 and VET04 guidelines. Selected isolates were sequenced for the presence of antimicrobial resistances genes (ARGs) and genetic mobile elements, allowing comparison between phenotypic and genotypic results. Additionally, an antibiotic residue assay was developed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to determine the presence of antibiotics in the transport water of imported ornamental fish.

Results: Three bacterial species were identified as suitable indicators for the passive AMR surveillance in farmed trout, and five for the active AMR surveillance in ornamental fish. Non – lethal sampling was founded to be not suitable, as different indicator bacteria were present in tissue and water samples. In most cases, the phenotypic and genotypic results were in alignment. Antibiotic residues were detected in ornamental fish transport water.

Conclusion: The intensification of aquatic animal farming, like other animal production systems, facilitates the spread of pathogens and may increase the use of reliance on veterinary medicines for disease management. While data analysis for farmed trout is ongoing, pilot findings indicate that antimicrobials continue to be routinely added to the transport water of ornamental fish. The bacteria in the water or fish can act as reservoir of ARGs and contribute to the spread of AMR. This poses a potential risk to human health, particularly for industry workers and fish hobbyists. These findings highlight the urgent need for competent authorities to establish AMR surveillance systems for aquatic animals.

1. PAPADOPOULOU, ATHINA, CEFAS, Presenter
2. COYLE, NICOLA, CEFAS, Author
3. SMITH, ISOBEL, UNIVERSITY OF SURREY, Author
4. LANGFORD, NIAMH, UNIVERSITY OF SURREY, Author
5. MASKREY, BEN, CEFAS, Author
6. LIGHT, EDEL, VMD, Author
7. VERNER-JEFFREYS, DAVID, WORLDFISH, Author

Enteromyxum in the spotlight: decoding pathogenesis, resistance, and control

The genus Enteromyxum includes four myxozoan species that have a high tropism for the gastrointestinal tract of marine fish. These parasites invade the intestinal epithelium, leading to chronic enteritis, malabsorption, weight loss, and, in severe cases, death. They pose significant challenges to wild, aquarium, and farmed populations worldwide due to difficulties in diagnosis, treatment, and limited understanding of their host interactions. They are an exception to the rule among Myxozoa, since they can be transmitted directed fish-to-fish, without the involvement of an invertebrate. The intense and concerted research conducted on Enteromyxum spp. in the last 20 years has increased our knowledge on the biology of these myxosporeans and the disease mechanisms involved in several hosts. It is now evident that parasite pathogenicity alone does not determine the development of enteromyxosis, as the disease’s pathogenesis varies among different host species and is modulated by environmental factors. This highlights the critical role of host-parasite interactions in disease progression. Therefore, continued efforts are needed to characterize Enteromyxum species at structural, genetic, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and antigenic levels.

Molecular tools have enabled the discovery of new species, revealed genetic diversity, and improved the speed and accuracy of diagnostics. However, more rapid, reliable and easy-to-use tools for point-of-care diagnosis and environmental risk assessment wait to be developed. Other aspects still need to be unveiled, like completing the life cycle by identifying the putative invertebrate host, achieving their in vitro culture, or the cryopreservation of infective stages, since this methodological gap thwarts many approaches, such as the production of a constant and reliable source of the parasite for vaccines and in vitro drug screening. Exploring the global diversity of Enteromyxum genotypes—both intraspecific variation within the cosmopolitan E. leei and the discovery of new species—could yield important insights into the biology and evolution of this parasitic genus, ultimately enhancing our understanding of its virulence. In addition, advancements such as the development of specific cell markers, technologies for isolating and purifying distinct cell populations in fish, and particularly single-cell transcriptomics, will be instrumental in fully elucidating the functions of different immune effectors. Yet, substantial work remains to uncover the underlying basis of host susceptibility, the molecular mechanisms, and the key genes involved in immune responses and resistance to enteromyxosis. Such comprehensive profiling must deepen our understanding of host-parasite relationships and support the identification of potential therapeutic targets for both preventive and palliative interventions.

1. SITJÀ-BOBADILLA, ARIADNA, IATS-CSIC, Presenter
2. ESTENSORO, ITZIAR, IATS-CSIC, Author
3. PIAZZON, MARIA CARLA, IATS-CSIC, Author
4. PALENZUELA, OSWALDO, IATS-CSIC, Author